Impacts of high and low-input farming systems on the quality change of Safflower oil while intercropped with bitter vetch

The purpose of this factorial field experiment was to investigate the influence farming systems (FS) and intercropping patterns (IPs) on physiological aspects safflower bitter vetch. Treatments included high low-input various IPs that exchanged vetch with row ratios 2:2, 2:3, 2:4, 2:5, while sole cropping (SS) (SB) were used as control. highest grain yield both plants obtained from input system (HIFS). most oil protein achieved in HIFS. Safflower Low-input (LIFS) had content, but other traits, HIFS superior LIFS. Intercropping resulted P N content low stearic acid compared cropping. These novel findings demonstrate beneficial than LIFS all traits except some fatty acids like palmitic acid. Also, 2:2 IP, land equivalent ratio (LER) (1.13), indicating 13% additional area needed by provide an